Cancer starvation therapy

ABSTRACT

The present invention is a glutamine compound having a high Z element attached via a ligand, which enters the mitochondrion and is subsequently exposed to ionizing radiation. When exposed to ionizing radiation, the present invention damages mitochondrial (as well as other) substructures such as mtDNA, the outer membrane, the inner membrane, cristae, ribosomes, etc., and causes the effective destruction of such mitochondrion. Tumorigenic cells without mitochondria cannot produce the energy they need to subsist and replicate, effectively starving them of energy and causing their destruction.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No.14/860,204, which was filed on Sep. 21, 2015 as a continuation-in-partof U.S. Ser. No. 12/552,116, which was filed on Sep. 1, 2009, which areboth incorporated herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention describes a method for the ablation of targetedtissue or cells via the administration of glutamine analogues containingplatinum, iron, and/or other high Z elements and subsequently exposingsuch tissue or cells to high energy radiation, including, but notlimited to, x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, alpha particles, protons,and neutrons. More specifically, the present invention describes amethod for targeting the mitochondria of the aforementioned tissue orcells for destruction, thereby starving such cells of the energy theyrequire to proliferate.

Background

Radiation therapy is usually defined as the use of high-energy radiationfrom x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to killcancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machineoutside the body also called external-beam radiation therapy, or it maycome from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells alsocalled internal radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy, however, has its limitations. The ionizing radiationused to ablate unwanted tissue can cause damage to surrounding healthytissue, or may not be effective against the target tissue due toconditions such as hypoxia which makes the targeted cells radioresistentor cells being in a part of the mitotic cycle where they are not assensitive to the effects of such radiation. Much study and effort hasbeen expended developing compounds and techniques to enhance theeffectiveness of radiation therapy and limit the damage to healthy,non-targeted tissue.

Radiosensitizers are drugs created to enhance the effectiveness ofradiation therapy by making tumorigenic cells more susceptible to theeffects of radiation. One class of radiosensitizers, known ashalogenated pyrimidines, accomplishes this enhancing effect by directlymaking DNA more susceptible to damage from radiation. This class ofradiosensitizers works by incorporating halogenated pyrimidines directlyinto the DNA chain in substitution of thymidine. This substitutionweakens the DNA chain and makes cells more susceptible to radiation andultraviolet light. Another class of radiosensitizers functions by fastionization/deexcitation processes and the strong emission of secondaryelectrons. Yet another class of radiosensitizers, known as hypoxic-cellsensitizers, increase the radiation sensitivity of tumorigenic cellsdeficient in molecular oxygen.

The radiosensitizing effects of these drugs are believed to aid theionizing radiation by augmenting the latter's ability to damage nuclearDNA in creating strand breaks that are not repairable, thereforetriggering apoptosis. It has also been theorized that the drugcisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug that is known to haveradiosensitizing properties, may cause damage to mitochondrialstructures.

Further, cellular respiration is the set of metabolic processes by whichbiochemical energy from nutrients is converted to energy in the form ofandostein triphosphate (“ATP”). During normal aerobic cellularrespiration, one molecule of glucose, the most abundant nutrient inmammalian serum, is converted to two molecules of pyruvate and two netmolecules of ATP. This process is known as glycolysis. The pyruvate isthen further broken down in order to release a theoretical yield of36-38 molecules of ATP.

The mitochondria, which plays an important part in the aerobic cellularrespiration process, are spherical or elongated organelle in thecytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic materialand many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including thoseresponsible for the conversion of food to usable energy. Mitochondriaprovide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretoryproducts, contract—in short, they are the power centers of the cell.They are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapesdepending on the cell type.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have adouble membrane. The outer membrane is fairly smooth; the inner membraneis highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. The cristae greatlyincrease the inner membrane's surface area, and it is here thatmitochondrial electron transport occurs.

The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to thefunctioning of the organelle. Two specialized membranes encircle eachmitochondrion present in a cell, dividing the organelle into a narrowintermembrane space and a much larger internal matrix, each of whichcontains highly specialized proteins. The outer membrane of amitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein porin andacts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. Similarly,the inner membrane, which is highly convoluted so that a large number ofinfoldings called cristae are formed, also allows only certain moleculesto pass through it and is much more selective than the outer membrane.To make certain that only those materials essential to the matrix areallowed into it, the inner membrane utilizes a group of transportproteins that will only transport the correct molecules. Together, thevarious compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony togenerate ATP in a complex multi-step process.

The mitochondrion is different from most other organelles because it hasits own circular DNA (similar to the DNA of prokaryotes) and reproducesindependently of the cell in which it is found; an apparent case ofendosymbiosis. Mitochondrial DNA is localized to the matrix, which alsocontains a host of enzymes, as well as ribosomes for protein synthesis.Many of the critical metabolic steps of cellular respiration arecatalyzed by enzymes that are able to diffuse through the mitochondrialmatrix. The other proteins involved in respiration, including the enzymethat generates ATP, are embedded within the mitochondrial innermembrane. Infolding of the cristae dramatically increases the surfacearea available for hosting the enzymes responsible for cellularrespiration.

Human mitochondria contain 5 to 10 identical, circular molecules of DNA.Each molecule contains 16,569 base pairs that encode 37 genes includingribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and 13 polypeptides. The 13proteins are an important part of the protein complexes in the innermitochondrial membrane, forming part of complexes I, III, IV, and V.These protein complexes also dependent upon proteins encoded by nuclearDNA which are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into themitochondria.

In the absence oxygen, a hypoxic cell can still generate energy throughglycolysis and generate two net molecules of ATP. However, under suchhypoxic conditions, the resulting pyruvate is not transported into themitochondria for further processing, but rather remains in the cytoplasmwhere it is converted to lactate by lactic acid fermentation andexpelled from the cell. This process is known as anaerobic respiration.

Interestingly, it has been observed for some time that even in thepresence of oxygen, rapidly proliferating tumorgenic cells have apreference for inefficient anaerobic respiration and therefore utilizean abnormally high amount of glucose. This is known as aerobicglycolysis, or the Warburg Effect, named after Otto Heinrich Warburg,who made the discovery in 1926. Various theories have been put forth toaccount for this effect, among which is that glucose degradationprovides cells with intermediaries used in a variety of biosyntheticpathways. It is therefore theorized that tumor cells maintain robustglycolysis in order to keep a ready supply of such intermediaries.

Glucose is not however, the only compound to be consumed at highlyelevated levels by proliferating cancerous cells. These cells also usecopious amounts of glutamine relative to non-tumorigenic cells.Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughoutthe body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesizedfrom glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogenin the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

In cancerous cells, the TCA cycle is truncated because such cells usecarbon from the cycle for biosynthetic purposes. Citrate therefore isunlikely to cycle all the way back around and regenerate oxaloaceticacid (“OAA”). Tumors solve the problem of the need to regenerate OAA—andalso generate much of the energy they need to proliferate—by oxidizinglarge amounts of the amino acid glutamine and incorporating it into thetruncated TCA cycle. In tumorigenic cells, the truncated TCA cycleincorporates glutamine and pyruvate supplied by the phosphorylation ofglucose to generate energy and create precursors for biosyntheticpathways.

The phenomenon of significantly increased glutamine utilization intumorigenic cells has been previously studied as a potential pathway bywhich therapeutic anti-cancer drugs may act. The glutamine analoguesL-[alpha S,5S]-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid(acivicin) and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) are known to possesscytotoxic activity against a wide variety of tumors. These drugs arethought to function by inhibiting mitochondrial enzymatic activity.However, their usefulness as therapies for humans has been limited dueto their high toxicity.

To date, there has been no drug specifically designed as aradiosensitizer that targets the mitochondria of tumorigenic tissue andcells for destruction.

Physical Aspects of High-Z Materials and Charged Particle Amplification

The following discusses the effects of high-Z materials on the atomic(picometer, or 1E-12 meter) scale, by comparing the individualinteraction rates of different materials when exposed to a fluence ofcharged particles and gamma- or x-ray photons. Furthermore, in thecontext of therapeutic radiation, the energy deposition models providedherein for the orthovoltage and megavoltage energy ranges are 2E5 to1.8E7 eV, or 3.2E-14 to 2.88E-12 J.

For therapeutic irradiation, tissue is exposed to a calibrated beam ofelectrons or photons. Photons indirectly interact with matter throughcoherent, photoelectric, Compton, or pair production collisions.Coherent scattering results in no energy deposition, and will not bediscussed further. The remaining collisions result in the emission orejection of electrons. The scattered electrons further deposit energy bydirectly interacting with nearby atoms in collisional or radiative typeevents, potentially ejecting additional electrons (δ rays). The totalamount of kinetic energy per unit mass lost from the photons and δ(delta) rays in non-radiative processes is referred to as collisionkerma, or K_(c). The units are typically given in J/kg, or Gy. In thepresence of charged particle equilibrium, the total amount of absorbeddose is equal to the collision kerma. In surrounding matter, the dosedeposition process results in the generation of free electrons and ionswhich can damage the DNA or other cellular structures; in the case ofthe present invention, the mitochondria. Collision kerma can becalculated directly from the collision probabilities (or cross sections)of each interaction using the formula as in FIG. 1, where Ψ (psi) refersto the incident photon energy fluence in J/cm², P is the materialdensity in g/cm³, g is the average fraction of secondary electron energylost to radiative processes. The values T_(tr), σ_(tr), and K_(tr),refer to the energy transfer cross sections, in cm⁻¹, for photoelectric,Compton, and pair production interactions, respectively.

For incident photon energies of 0.5 to 5 MeV on almost all materials,the Compton cross section dominates the above equation; that is,σ_(tr)>T_(tr), K_(tr). The cross section for Compton interactions hasbeen rigorously modeled by Klein and Nishina (Evans, 1955), as shown inFIG. 2, who defined the following statement for σ_(tr), where r₀ refersto the classical electron radius e²/m₀c²=2.818×10⁻¹³ cm,N_(A)=6.022×10²³ mole−1 is Avagadro's constant, Z is the number ofelectrons per atom, A_(w), is the atomic weight in grams, h=6.626×10⁻³⁴is Planck's constant in J-s, v is the frequency of incident radiation incm⁻¹, m₀=0.91095×10⁻³⁰ kg is the rest mass of an electron, andc=2.9979×10¹⁰ cm/sec is the speed of light.

For incident electrons with energy T (in J), the expectation value forrate of energy loss due to collisional events through a linear distancex (in cm) can be described by the collision stopping power of amaterial, or (dT/dx)_(c). FIG. 3 defines the collision stopping powerfor electrons adjusted for the polarization effect and shell correction,where 1 is the mean ionization/excitation potential (Berger & Seltzer,1983) of the material in J, δ is the polarization correction parameter(Stermheimer, 1952), and c is the shell correction parameter (Bichsel,1968).

Similarly, the expectation value for energy loss due to radiativeevents, i.e. bremsstrahlung, is described by the radiative stoppingpower (dT/dX)_(r), and is shown in FIG. 4. The value B_(r) is defined byBethe and Heitler (Evans, 1955), and carries a slight dependence on Zand T.

The radiation yield, therefore, is simply the mean ratio of energy lossto radiative processes relative to the total rate of energy loss overall initial electron energies and as each electron loses energy. FIG. 5shows the radiation yield formula, where T_(max) refers to the maximuminitial electron energy.

In order to achieve an increased dosimetric effect from externalionizing radiation, targeted molecules located around a biologicaltarget can be replaced with appropriate analogues that contain one ormore high-Z elements. An important quantifier for this effect can bedefined as the relative increase in the expectation value of chargedparticle fluence created by the high-Z analogue over that of theoriginal molecule. This value, herein referred to as the amount ofcharged particle amplification A, is shown in FIG. 6.

As defined above, the value of A is dependent on the type of moleculeused for high-Z implementation. Furthermore, the effects of molecularbinding on each high-Z atom will modify slightly the above equationsthat define the interaction rates. That said, numerical values for A canbe estimated and quantified for each individual high-Z elementalsubstitution performed in a molecule using the above formulas. Forphoton interactions, the increase in charged particle fluence is simplythe ratio of energy transfer interaction probabilities (the subscript ais used to denote these probabilities in units of cm²/atom). Similarly,the reduction in fluence may be estimated for electron interactions bycomparing the ratio of energy lost to radiative processes. FIG. 7presents a formula wherein these results compete to formulate A, wherethe superscript z refers to the interaction cross sections for thehigh-Z material, while c refers to the element substituted (considered acarbon atom).

Values for A have been plotted in FIG. 8 for atomic numbers Z=1 through90, where carbon (Z=6) is used as the reference, using published energyabsorption cross sections (Seltzer, 1993). Data for three incidentphoton energies has been given: a monoenergetic 500 keV theoreticalbeam, and polyenergetic 6 MV and 18 MV beams typically found on a moderntherapeutic linear accelerator. As an example, three gold atoms (Z=79)would yield a factor of 17×3=51:1 higher fluence rate than three carbonatoms present in the same molecule for a 6 MV photon beam. The samereplacement would yield a factor of 136:1 and 82:1 for 500 keV photonsand an 18 MV beam, respectively. In order to apply this value to theentire molecule, A can be expanded to include the atomic fractions f₁,f₂ of each element with atomic number Z₁, Z₂, etc. present in thecompound. In addition, Bragg's rule can be applied to estimate the meanionization potential and polarization correction, as shown in FIG. 9.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention helps to overcome the limitations of radiationtherapy as disclosed above, by providing a radiosensitizing glutamineanalogue containing platinum, iron, and/or other high Z elements, whichwhen exposed to x-rays or other ionizing or high energy radiation suchas gamma rays, alpha particles, protons, neutrons, or fast ions, causesthe destruction of mitochondrial and other structures of targeted tissueand cells.

Another object of the present invention is the destruction of themitochondria, wherein said destruction effectively denies energy andsubstrates necessary for proliferation for cancerous cells.

Another object of the present invention is to destroy mitochondrialstructures of target cells, thereby rendering the mitochondrianonfunctional and starving the cell of the energy and substratesnecessary for its survival.

Another object of the present invention is to interact with themitochondria instead of the DNA. Radiation therapy traditionally targetsnuclear DNA for destruction. However, in proliferating cells, unlesssuch cell is undergoing mitotic division the double helix strand of nDNAhas not condensed into a chromosome and is therefore not susceptible tothe same irreparable damage as if the cell were in mitosis. The currentinvention does not primarily seek to destroy nuclear DNA, although nDNAdamage of target tissue may result and would be desirable.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide aradiosensitizing compound where one or more atoms, functional groups, orsubstructures of glutamine have been replaced with at least one or morehigh Z elements.

The invention consists of platinum, iron, and/or other high Z elementslocated at the center of the glutamine analogue, thereby replacing oneor multiple carbons. Further the invention provides of high Z elementsbeing attached via a side chain or ligand to the glutamine analogue. Theside chain or ligand may be a linker of (CH2)n—X, or [(CH2CH2)mX]n whereX=O, S, or NH.

Irrespective of the embodiment, the invention may be administered by anystandard method, including, but not limited to, intravenously,intra-arterially, orally, or direct injection into targeted tissue invivo or in vitro.

High Z elements suitable for inclusion in the invention are those with aZ value of at least 22, and include, but are not limited to, platinum(Z=78), vanadium (Z=23), iron (Z=26), cobalt (Z=27), copper (Z=29),molybdenum (Z=42), palladium (Z=46), silver (Z=47), tin (Z=50), tantalum(Z=73), gadolinium (Z=64), dysprosium (Z=66), holmium (Z=67), hafnium(Z=72), tungsten (Z=74), rhenium (Z=75), osmium (Z=76), iridium (Z=77),gold (Z=79), thallium

(Z=81), lead (Z=82), bismuth (Z=83), and uranium (Z=92).

Further, the purpose of the accompanying abstract is to enable the U.S.Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially thescientists, engineers, and practitioners in the art who are not familiarwith patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from acursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure ofthe application. The abstract is neither intended to define theinvention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is itintended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings which are incorporated herein constitute partof the specifications and illustrate the preferred embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 1 shows a collision probability equation.

FIG. 2 shows a Compton interaction model.

FIG. 3 shows the collision stopping power equation for electrons.

FIG. 4 shows a radiative stopping power equation.

FIG. 5 shows a radiation yield equation.

FIG. 6 shows the amount of charged particle amplification formula.

FIG. 7 shows relative amount of charged particle amplification formulawhen binding high Z-atoms.

FIG. 8 shows plotted values of FIG. 7 equation for different values ofZ.

FIG. 9 shows an equation to estimate the mean of ionization potentialand polarization correction.

FIG. 10 shows the structure of glutamine, chemical formula C₅H₁₀N₂O₃.

FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B shows a structural analogue of present inventionwith single replacement.

FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B shows a structural analogue of present inventionwith 2 carbon replacement.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B shows a structural analogue of present inventionwith 3 carbon replacement.

FIG. 14A represents glutamine. FIG. 14B represents the sites ofmodification (A, B, C, D or E) of glutamine to which groups with high Zelements can be attached with a ligand.

FIG. 15A shows formula IA and IB, showing glutamine, a ligand and a highZ element attached to the glutamine with the ligand.

FIG. 15B shows formula IIA and IIB, showing glutamine, a ligand and ahigh Z element attached to the glutamine with the ligand.

FIG. 15C shows formula IIIA and IIIB, showing glutamine, a ligand and ahigh Z element attached to the glutamine with the ligand.

FIG. 15D shows formula IVA and IVB, showing glutamine, a ligand and ahigh Z element attached to the glutamine with the ligand.

FIG. 15E shows formula VA and VB, showing glutamine, a ligand and a highZ element attached to the glutamine with the ligand.

FIG. 16 provides examples of Formula I.

FIG. 17 provides examples of Formula II.

FIG. 18 provides examples of Formula III.

FIG. 19 provides examples of Formula IV.

FIG. 20 provides examples of Formula V.

FIG. 21 provides a diagram of the cell cycle.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a glutamine analogue composition,wherein said composition is design to be exposed and enter themitochondrion, more particularly the mitochondria of not-healthy cells,such as but not limited to cancer cells. Subsequently the not-healthycells become a target, wherein said targeted cells are exposed toionizing radiation. When exposed to ionizing radiation, the presentcomposition, having metallic particles, reacts in such way that damagesmitochondrial (as well as other) substructures such as mtDNA, the outermembrane, the inner membrane, cristae, ribosomes, etc., and causes theeffective destruction of such mitochondrion. The destruction of themitochondria starts the programmed cell death of Tumorigenic cells forthe reason that without mitochondria Tumorigenic cells cannot producethe energy they need to subsist and replicate, effectively starvingmitochondria damaged cells of energy and causing their destruction.

The invention provides a glutamine-ligand-high Z element compound fortreating tumorigenic cells in combination with a high energy radiation.The glutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is selected from the groupof compounds having the Formula I, II, III, IV and IV (as provided inFIG. 15). This molecule (has been termed by the inventor as the “CancerStarvation Molecule” and the cancer treatment therapies using thesecompounds (along with high energy radiation) has been termed CancerStarvation Therapy.”

The Cancer Starvation Molecule was morphed from the convergence ofobservation of simple facts, starting by simple observation of radiationtoxicity for head and neck patients, tumor microenvironment andresistance to conventional therapies, to more elaborate ideas. To date,all novel cancer approaches have helped strengthen the idea thattreatments directed to the tumor metabolic pathways are the next stepthat could help us win the battle against cancer.

The fact is that radiation therapy mainly works by damaging the DNA,which is more vulnerable in the parts of the cancer cell cycle that arealso the shortest, specifically G2 and Mitosis. See FIG. 21. Even thishandicap has not deterred scientists from making big strides in thebattle against cancer, but there is a whole ocean of possibilities inthe rest of the cancer cell cycle where conventional therapies are weak.Within the big ocean of possibilities is where the therapeutic ratio(increase cancer killing capacity with less damage possible to thepatient) can improve exponentially with a Cancer Starvation Molecule(CSM) and Cancer Starvation Therapy (CST).

Cancer Starvation Molecule is an organometallic molecule nonexistent innature and capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. It was designedto enter inside the cancer cell mitochondria with predilection fortissue with low oxygen concentration (hypoxic tissue) and to beactivated by a physical reaction or radiation. Therefore it is designedto work at the parts of the cancer cell cycle were chemotherapy andradiation therapy notoriously, are known to fail.

It is believed that CSM and CST is suited for treating tumor culturecells like Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM are tumors that arise fromglial cells or brain supporting cells, characterized by an impressivegrowth rate and high lethality. The landmarks that define GBM as aresistant disease reside in the fact that this tumor microenvironment ishighly associated with low oxygen concentrations or hypoxia and that thetumor extends beyond what is visible by the currently availablediagnostic technologies.

Tumors in hypoxic environments survived by changing their metabolismfrom aerobic to anaerobic, which are associated by an increased presenceof lactate and increased consumption of glutamine. CSM is anorganometallic composed of glutamine for selective transport of a heavymetal that is the source use to increase scattered radiation inside thecancer cell mitochondria. Hypoxic microenvironment is a harshenvironment, also blamed to induce the formation of cancer stem cells orcancer immortal cells. The fact that these cancer stem cells are fastdividing cells in an environment notoriously resistant to conventionaltherapy is what makes it a perfect target for CST.

In the past therapies have attempted to conquer the battle against GBMthrough brute force, by increasing the radiation dose to a betterdefined target using Stereotactic Radio Surgery (SRS), Neutron therapyand Proton therapy. All these approaches failed because they cannottreat what cannot be seen by the available radiologic technologies. GBMis well known to be present 2-3 cm beyond what is the radiographicallyvisible disease and using brute force therapies could kill more diseasebut also kills the patient. CST is designed as a Trojan's horse to betrapped by the cancer cell at the mitochondria, or the cell power houseand be activated via conventional radiation therapy. By selectivelydamaging or even destroying the cancer cells mitochondria we cripple thecancer cell capacity to heal sub-lethal damage cause by conventionaltherapies, leading to damage similar to the brute force technologies butin a space that is controlled by the tumor itself.

Other cancers that could benefit for Cancer Starvation Therapy includelung cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, rectal cancer, pancreaticcancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer and bladder cancers amongmany others.

In the oncology arena lung cancer is the number one killer in developedcountries. Tumor control is limited by disease volume, disease location,patient's performance status and radiation treatment doses. Localtreatment failure is a major pattern of failure and although the cancerstarvation molecule does not distinguish between cancers of glandular orepidermal origin, it can easily distinguish between normal and abnormalcells and could potentially be used for treatment of patients with fewmetastasis or oligo metastasis. This approach can take us closer to makecancer a chronic disease.

For patients with head and neck cancers local failure leads to permanentsurgical mutilation. Imagine that you or someone you love losses theirtongue and now they cannot verbalize their thoughts and cannot swallowfood, or the ones that loss the larynx and now even bathing become avery risky activity.

Melanomas are known to be highly resistant to radiation because themelanoma cancer cells are known to contain high levels of antioxidants.With CST, melanoma will not only meet its match but very importantly thedramatic hike in the cost of melanoma medical care can be reduced. Newmelanoma medications can be as expensive as $300,000 a year, and yetthey still are only a palliative approach. Our economically crumblingmedical system cannot tolerate this nonsense. CST is about killingcancer stem cells and is about getting closer to achieve the abscopaleffect.

For some years there have been a trend to treat rectal cancers withchemoradiation and then to delay definite surgery until there isevidence of local failure. When we analyze the percentage of rectalcancer patients were surgery can be left out of the curative approach,then is easy to realize that is about the same percentage of patientsanticipated to achieve a complete pathological response withpreoperative chemoradiation. Having a permanent colostomy is deleteriousto the patient quality of life and local progression of disease leads tometastasis and death. CST can easily double or triple a pathologicalcomplete response for patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation,leading to a decrease utilization of surgery, decrease medical care costand a more social and psychologically empowered patient, more willing toreturn to the labor force and more willing to live with purpose.

Having a pancreatic cancer diagnosis is very much consonant with a deathsentence. Imagine that local and regional recurrence after successfulsurgery could be as high as 90%. Many other malignancies could betreated using the principles above described.

FIG. 10 shows glutamine, wherein said glutamine is composed of a chainof three carbon atoms, Z=6, attached on either end to an additional atomof carbon. The present composition as mentioned consists in thereplacement the core carbon atoms with high Z elements, such as goldatoms, Z=79. FIGS. 11-13 disclose several embodiments for the presentinvention. The present composition is generated, for example byreplacing the carbon atoms. Further the present composition acts as aglutamine analogue compound that accesses the mitochondria. However dueto the replacement of glutamine atoms for other high Z elements, such asbut not limited to gold or copper, the properties of the element changeproviding a composition susceptible to radiation, as mentioned before.

FIG. 11A, as an example, shows a first generic embodiment of the presentinvention compound wherein the structural analogue of glutamine, moreparticularly the amine functional group NH₂ is replaced with a high zelement, and in this generic case, three Hydrogen atoms. The Nitrogenatom may also be replaced with any high z element that would require 2(or any number) hydrogen atoms to bind with it, in which case suchgeneric substitution would take the form ZH₂, where Z is any high zelement as previously defined. Such general first embodiment is denotedwith the generic chemical formula C₅H₁₁ZNO₃.

FIG. 11B provides a more specific embodiment of the first generalembodiment presented in FIG. 11A above. As disclosed above the firstembodiment consists of a structural analogue of glutamine where theamine functional group NH₂ is replaced with a high z element and threeHydrogen atoms such as AuH₃. The chemical formula for this specificcompound is C₅H₁₁AuNO₃.

FIG. 12A, as an example, shows an second embodiment of the presentinvention, wherein a structural analogue of glutamine, more particularlytwo carbon atoms are replaced with high z elements. Z is any high zelement as previously defined, wherein said general second embodiment isdenoted with the generic chemical formula C₃H₁₀Z₂N₂O₃.

FIG. 12B provides a more specific second embodiment of the generalembodiment presented in FIG. 12A above. The present second embodimentconsists of a structural analogue of glutamine where two carbon atomsare replaced with Cu atoms. The chemical formula for this specificcompound is C₃H₁₀Cu₂N₂O₃.

FIG. 13A, as en example, shows a third embodiment of the presentinvention, wherein structural analogues of glutamine, more particularlythree carbon atoms are replaced with high z elements. Again Z is anyhigh z element as previously defined, such general third embodiment isdenoted with the generic chemical formula C₂H₁₀Z₃N₂O₃.

FIG. 13B provides a more specific embodiment of the general embodimentpresented in FIG. 13A above. The present third embodiment consists of astructural analogue of glutamine where three carbon atoms are replacedwith Au atoms. The chemical formula for this specific compound isC₂H₁₀Au₃N₂O₃.

FIG. 14A represents glutamine. Cancer starvation molecules of theinvention provide glutamine molecules having high Z elements attachedvia a side chain or ligand to the glutamine. The side chain or ligandmay be a linker of (CH₂)n—X, or [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where X=O, S, or NH,where m and n are integers, and independently range from 1-50, from 1-15or from 1-10. For example, FIG. 14B represents the sites of modification(A, B, C, D or E) of glutamine to which groups with high Z elements canbe attached.

FIGS. 15A-15E show generic formulas of each of the sites of modificationto which structures with Z elements can be attached. In FIGS. 15A-15E,“Z” represents a group that either is, or contains high Z elements. Inthe same figure, group “X” can be O, S or NH, to which “Z” can beattached directly or via a “linker.” The “linker” should be understoodas a short connector consisting of a chain of CH₂ groups that can haveO, S, or NH groups incorporated.

FIGS. 16-20 represents structures of specific examples of possiblemodifications on each of the sites A, B, C, D or E. The structures ofFIGS. 16-20 should be considered as non-limiting examples.

FIG. 16 shows compounds having groups with high Z elements attached tothe carboxylic acid group of glutamine.

FIG. 17 shows compounds having groups with high Z elements connected tothe amino group of glutamine.

FIG. 18 shows compounds having groups with high Z elements connected tothe primary amide group of glutamine.

FIG. 19 shows compounds that maintain the three functional groups ofglutamine (A, B and C), and the high Z elements are connected to theside chain β-carbons.

FIG. 20 shows compounds that maintain the three functional groups ofglutamine (A, B and C), and the high Z elements are connected to theside chain γ-carbons respectively.

As mentioned, the present compounds are designed to access themitochondria, wherein the estimated charged particle density frominteractions in the area immediately surrounding present inventioncompound increases dramatically relative to the glutamine itsubstitutes. For example, as previously mentioned, for a 6 MV photonbeam, three gold atoms (Z=79) in such an analogue would yield a factorof 17×3=51:1 higher fluence rate than three carbon atoms they replace.The same replacement would yield a factor of 136:1 and 82:1 for 500 keVphotons and an 18 MV beam, respectively.

While the invention has been described as having a preferred design, itis understood that many changes, modifications, variations and otheruses and applications of the subject invention will, however, becomeapparent to those skilled in the art without materially departing fromthe novel teachings and advantages of this invention after consideringthis specification together with the accompanying drawings. Accordingly,all such changes, modifications, variations and other uses andapplications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of theinvention are deemed to be covered by this invention as defined in thefollowing claims and their legal equivalents. In the claims,means-plus-function clauses, if any, are intended to cover thestructures described herein as performing the recited function and notonly structural equivalents but also equivalent structures.

All of the patents, patent applications, and publications recitedherein, and in the Declaration attached hereto, if any, are herebyincorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein. All,or substantially all, the components disclosed in such patents may beused in the embodiments of the present invention, as well as equivalentsthereof. The details in the patents, patent applications, andpublications incorporated by reference herein may be considered to beincorporable at applicant's option, into the claims during prosecutionas further limitations in the claims to patentable distinguish anyamended claims from any applied prior art.

1. A method for treating tumorigenic cells by targeting the cellsmitochondria comprising; treating the tumorigenic cells with aradiosensitizing containing glutamine-ligand-high Z element compound andalso treating the tumorigenic cells with a high energy radiation,wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is selected fromthe group of compounds having the Formula IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB,IVA, IVB, VA, and VB, wherein m is an integer of 1-50:

where X=O,S,NH Z=group with high Z-element IA

where X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)_(n—X), [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X_(n)] where n=1-50Z=group with high Z-element IB

X=O,S,NH linker is C═O—CH₂—X Z=group with high Z-element II A

where X=O,S,NH linker is (CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n), CH₂CH₂X—CH₂CH₂where n=1-50 Z=group with high Z-element II B

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element III A

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element III B

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element IV A

where linker is X—(CH₂)n—X, X—[(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 IV B

X=O,S,NH linker is —X(CH₂)n—, —X—[(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50Z=group with high Z-element V A

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element V B wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z element compoundis exposed to the cells mitochondria and accesses the cells'mitochondria, and subsequently irradiating the cells' mitochondria withthe high energy radiation.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the highenergy radiation is selected from the group of x-rays, gamma rays,microwaves, alpha particles, protons, and neutrons.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the high Z element is selected from the group ofvanadium (Z=23), iron (Z=26), cobalt (Z=27), copper (Z=29), molybdenum(Z=42), palladium (Z=46), silver (Z=47), tin (Z=50), tantalum (Z=73),gadolinium (Z=64), dysprosium (Z=66), holmium (Z=67), hafnium (Z=72),tungsten (Z=74), rhenium (Z=75), osmium (Z=76), iridium (Z=77), gold(Z=79), thallium (Z=81), lead (Z=82), bismuth (Z=83), and uranium(Z=92).
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Zelement compound is formula IA and IB.
 5. The method of claim 1 whereinthe glutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is formula IIA and IIB. 6.The method of claim 1 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z elementcompound is formula IIIA and IIIB.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein theglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is formula IVA and IVB.
 8. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z element compoundis formula VA and VB.
 9. A radiosensitizing containingglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound for treating tumorigenic cellsin combination with a high energy radiation, wherein theglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is selected from the group ofcompounds having the Formula IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VA, andVB, wherein m is an integer form 1-50:

where X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X_(n)] where n=1-50 Z=groupwith high Z-element IB

X=O,S,NH linker is C═O—CH₂—X Z=group with high Z-element II A

where X=O,S,NH linker is (CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n), CH₂CH₂X—CH₂CH₂where n=1-50 Z=group with high Z-element II B

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element III A

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element III B

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=1-50 Z=group withhigh Z-element IV A

where linker is X—(CH₂)n—X, X—[(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) where n=-50 IV B

X=O,S,NH linker is —X(CH₂)n—, —X—[(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) wherein n=1-50Z=group with high Z-element V A

X=O,S,NH linker=(CH₂)n—X, [(CH₂CH₂)_(m)X]_(n) wherein n=1-50 Z=groupwith high Z-element V B
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein the highenergy radiation is selected from the group of x-rays, gamma rays,microwaves, alpha particles, protons, and neutrons.
 11. The compound ofclaim 9 wherein the high Z element is selected from the group ofvanadium (Z=23), iron (Z=26), cobalt (Z=27), copper (Z=29), molybdenum(Z=42), palladium (Z=46), silver (Z=47), tin (Z=50), tantalum (Z=73),gadolinium (Z=64), dysprosium (Z=66), holmium (Z=67), hafnium (Z=72),tungsten (Z=74), rhenium (Z=75), osmium (Z=76), iridium (Z=77), gold(Z=79), thallium (Z=81), lead (Z=82), bismuth (Z=83), and uranium(Z=92).
 12. The compound of claim 9 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Zelement compound is formula IB.
 13. The compound of claim 9 wherein theglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is formula IIA and IIB.
 14. Thecompound of claim 9 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z element compoundis formula IIIA and IIIB.
 15. The compound of claim 9 wherein theglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is formula IVA and IVB.
 16. Thecompound of claim 9 wherein the glutamine-ligand-high Z element compoundis formula VA and VB.
 17. The compound of claim 9, wherein the high Zelement is gold or iodine.
 18. A radiosensitizing containingglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound for treating tumorigenic cellsin combination with a high energy radiation, wherein theglutamine-ligand-high Z element compound is Formula IA; and

wherein X=O,S,NH Z=group with high Z-element IA wherein the high Zelement is iodine.